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哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法(附英文)

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哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法(附英文)

黑龙江省哈尔滨市人民政府


哈尔滨市人民政府令第223号


哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法(附英文)





《哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法》,已经2010年8月27日市人民政府第69次常务会议通过,现予发布,自2010年10月20日起施行


                             代市长:林铎
                           二〇一〇年九月十四日



哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法







  第一条 为加强城市建筑垃圾管理,保障城市市容和环境卫生整洁,根据国务院《城市市容和环境卫生管理条例》、《黑龙江省城市市容和环境卫生管理条例》、《哈尔滨市市容环境卫生管理条例》等有关规定,结合本市实际,制定本办法。

  第二条 本办法适用于本市城市规划区内建筑垃圾的排放、运输、回填、消纳、利用等处置活动。

  第三条 本办法所称建筑垃圾,是指新建、改建、扩建和拆除各类建筑物、构筑物、管网以及装修房屋过程中所产生的弃土、弃料及其它废弃物。
  本办法所称建筑垃圾消纳,是指按照环境卫生、环境保护相关要求接收、容纳建筑垃圾的过程。

  第四条 建筑垃圾管理坚持减量化、资源化、无害化处置和谁产生、谁承担处置责任的原则。
  鼓励单位和个人优先采用建筑垃圾综合利用产品。

  第五条 市城市市容环境卫生行政主管部门(以下简称市市容环卫部门)负责本市城市建筑垃圾的管理工作,并负责本办法的组织实施。
  区城市市容环境卫生行政主管部门(以下简称区市容环卫部门)按照职责分工,负责本辖区内建筑垃圾的管理工作。
  集中行使城市管理行政处罚权的行政执法部门(以下简称城管执法部门),负责实施本办法规定的行政处罚。
  城乡建设、城乡规划、国土资源、环境保护、住房保障和房产管理、财政、价格、交通运输、公安、质量技术监督等行政主管部门及街道办事处应当按照各自的职责做好建筑垃圾管理的相关工作。

  第六条 建筑垃圾的排放、运输和消纳按照国家和省有关规定实行核准制度;未经核准,不得擅自排放、运输和消纳。
  产生建筑垃圾的建设或者拆迁单位,应当在工程开工前持建筑垃圾处置计划和《建设工程施工许可证》或者《建筑工程基础承诺书》,向市市容环卫部门提出建筑垃圾排放申请,经核准取得《建筑垃圾排放处置证》后,方可排放。
  运输建筑垃圾的单位,应当持《车辆行驶证》、《道路运输证》、《运输车辆密闭合格证》,向市市容环卫部门提出建筑垃圾运输申请,经核准取得《建筑垃圾准运证》后,方可运输。《建筑垃圾准运证》实行一车一证。对个人不予核准《建筑垃圾准运证》。
  消纳建筑垃圾的单位,应当持国土资源、城乡规划、环境保护行政主管部门批准文件,向市市容环卫部门提出申请,经核准取得《建筑垃圾消纳处置证》后,方可消纳。
  市市容环卫部门接到申请后,应当在3个工作日内完成审查,核发建筑垃圾处置核准文件;不予核发的,应当告知原因。

  第七条 任何单位和个人不得伪造、涂改、倒卖、出租、转借建筑垃圾处置核准证件。

  第八条 城乡建设和拆迁行政主管部门应当在核发建设施工、拆迁许可文件的同时,将建设工程、拆迁工程排放建筑垃圾的有关信息转送市市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门。
  实行承诺制的建设工程,应当将承诺单位排放建筑垃圾的有关信息转送市市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门。
  市市容环卫部门应当将核准排放的建筑垃圾有关信息反馈给城乡建设、拆迁行政主管部门和市城管执法部门。

  第九条 产生建筑垃圾的建设单位或者拆迁单位,应当监督施工单位按照本办法规定组织清运建筑垃圾。

  第十条 施工单位应当将建筑垃圾交给经核准从事建筑垃圾运输的单位运输,并签订运输合同。运输合同应当向工程所在地的区市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门备案。
  建筑垃圾运输单位不得将建筑垃圾再进行转包。

  第十一条 施工单位应当及时清运建筑垃圾,保持工地和周边环境整洁。

  第十二条 施工单位应当按照运输车辆的核定载质量装载建筑垃圾,不得超高、超量装载。
  超高、超载、密闭不严的运输车辆不得驶出工地。

  第十三条 施工单位应当对工地出入口进行硬铺装,配备相应的冲洗设施。
运输车辆驶出工地前,施工单位应当将运输车辆车厢外侧和轮胎清理、清洗干净。

  第十四条 建筑垃圾排放按照国家有关规定,实行收费制度,具体收费标准由市价格行政主管部门核定。
  产生建筑垃圾的单位,应当按照规定缴纳处置费。

  第十五条 施工单位处置建筑垃圾情况,实行综合信用评价管理。属于建筑施工的,纳入建筑企业综合信用评价体系进行管理;属于拆除施工的,纳入房屋拆除信用评价进行管理。

  市市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门应当将建筑施工单位处置建筑垃圾的情况提供给市建筑企业综合信用评价机构或者市房屋拆迁行政主管部门,按照规定程序记入企业信用档案。

  第十六条 运输建筑垃圾的车辆应当按照《哈尔滨市自卸汽车密闭厢盖技术规范》的要求安装密闭装置,经具有资质的产品检验机构检验合格后,方可使用。
市市容环卫部门应当将经核准的车辆在市市容环卫部门信息网站、报纸等媒体上公布,方便社会使用,接受社会监督。

  第十七条 运输建筑垃圾的单位应当在运输建筑垃圾前,持《建筑垃圾准运证》到市市容环卫部门领取《运输卡》,并随车携带备查。
  《运输卡》由市市容环卫部门和市公安交通管理部门联合办理。
  《运输卡》应当载明运输工地、运输路线、排放时间、消纳场地等内容。

  第十八条 从事运输建筑垃圾的单位应当遵守下列规定:

  (一)承运经核准排放的建筑垃圾。
  (二)按照运输车辆核定载质量运输,封闭严密,不沿途撒落。
  (三)随车携带《建筑垃圾准运证》、《建筑垃圾运输卡》,并放置在车辆风挡玻璃内侧,自觉接受监督检查。
  (四)按照公安交通部门指定的运输路线和时间行驶。
  (五)在指定的消纳场倾卸,服从场地管理人员指挥,并取得回执备查。

  第十九条 设置建筑垃圾消纳场应当符合规划和市容环境卫生、环境保护、国土资源等有关管理规定,并按照规定办理相关审批手续。
  市市容环卫部门应当将经核准的消纳场所在市市容环卫部门信息网站、报纸等媒体上公布。

  第二十条 建筑垃圾消纳应当遵守下列规定:

  (一)消纳场区四周应当设置不低于2米的实体围墙,并配备防污染的设施。
  (二)配备专人管理,保持场地设施完好、卫生整洁。
  (三)建立完善的消纳登记回执制度,及时登记并发放回执。
  (四)不得受纳工业垃圾、生活垃圾和有毒有害的垃圾。

  第二十一条 单位装修产生建筑垃圾的,应当向区市容环卫部门申报,按照区市容环卫部门指定的地点临时堆放、苫盖严密,并雇佣经核准的运输车辆及时清运。
个人装修产生建筑垃圾,实行物业管理的,应当提前向物业服务企业申报;未实行物业管理的,应当提前向街道办事处申报,并在物业服务企业或者街道办事处指定的地点临时堆放、苫盖严密,自行或者委托物业服务企业或者街道办事处雇佣经核准的运输车辆及时清运。
区市容环卫部门、街道办事处、物业服务企业指定的临时堆放地点不得影响城市交通。

  第二十二条 施工产生的可利用黑土、黄土,应当单独排放、运输,送到市市容环卫部门指定的地点存放。

  需要回填或者利用建筑垃圾的单位,应当持产生建筑垃圾单位的同意证明、需求量、雇佣车辆等有关资料,向市市容环卫部门申报,经市市容环卫部门核准后方可回填或者利用。市市容环卫部门应当将核准信息转送市城管执法部门。
  回填或者利用建筑垃圾,应当建立接收登记制度,并设专人对接收建筑垃圾的情况进行登记管理。接收结束后,应当将接收登记的记录报市市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门备案。

  第二十三条 市容环卫、城管行政执法、公安交通等行政主管部门,应当依据各自职责建立建筑垃圾管理工作责任制,落实监管责任,对建筑垃圾排放、运输和消纳等行为进行监督检查。
  被检查单位和有关人员应当予以配合,接受检查,提供相关文件和证件。

  第二十四条 产生建筑垃圾的建设或者拆迁单位违反本办法规定,未取得《建筑垃圾排放处置证》擅自排放建筑垃圾的,由市城管执法部门责令限期改正,给予警告,处以 5000元以上3万元以下罚款。

  第二十五条 施工单位违反本办法规定,有下列情形之一的,由市城管执法部门按照下列规定进行处罚:

  (一)未及时清运建筑垃圾造成环境污染的,责令限期改正,处以1000元以上5000元以下罚款。
  (二)将建筑垃圾交给未经核准从事建筑垃圾运输单位或者个人运输的,责令限期改正,给予警告,处以1万元以上10万元以下罚款。
  (三)未对工地出入口进行硬铺装的,责令改正,处以1000元以上5000元以下罚款。
  (四)运输车辆驶出工地前,未将车辆车厢外侧和轮胎清理、清洗干净的,责令限期改正,每辆车处以500元以上1000元以下罚款;拒不接受处理,情节严重的,可以滞留车辆。
  (五)未与建筑垃圾运输单位签订运输合同,或者未将运输合同报区市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门备案的,责令限期改正,处以1000元以上3000元以下罚款。
  (六)未按照运输车辆的核定载质量装载建筑垃圾,超高、超量装载,或者让超高、超载、密闭不严的运输车辆驶出工地的,责令改正,处以5000元以上2万元以下罚款,情节严重拒不改正的,可以依法滞留装载机械。

  第二十六条 运输建筑垃圾的单位违反本办法规定,有下列情形之一的,责令限期改正,由市城管执法部门按照下列规定进行处罚:

  (一)未申办建筑垃圾准运证擅自运输建筑垃圾的,每车处以500元以上2000元以下罚款。    
  (二)将建筑垃圾进行转包的,处以1000元以上2000元以下罚款。
  (三)未到市市容环卫部门领取建筑垃圾运输卡,并随车携带备查的,每车处以200元以上500元以下罚款。
  (四)使用未安装密闭装置的车辆运输建筑垃圾或者运输车辆封闭不严的,每车处以500元以上1000元以下罚款,拒不接受处理,情节严重的,可以滞留车辆。
  (五)承运未经核准排放建筑垃圾的,每车处以200元以上500元以下罚款。
  (六)运输过程中沿途撒落建筑垃圾的,每车处以500元以上1000元以下罚款;拒不接受处理,情节严重的,可以滞留车辆。
  (七)未随车携带《建筑垃圾准运证》、《运输卡》的,处以200元罚款。
  (八)擅自倾倒建筑垃圾的,每车处以2000元以上5000元以下罚款,并可以滞留运输工具。
  (九)运输车辆轮胎未清洗干净,污染道路的,每车处以500元以上1000元以下罚款,拒不接受处理,情节严重的,可以滞留车辆。
  故意在城市道路上倾倒垃圾损毁路面的,由公安部门依据《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》进行处罚。

  第二十七条 消纳建筑垃圾的单位违反本办法规定,有下列情形之一的,由市城管执法部门责令限期改正,按照下列规定进行处罚:

  (一)未取得《建筑垃圾消纳处置证》擅自消纳建筑垃圾的,给予警告,处以 1万元以上10万元以下罚款。
  (二)消纳场区四周未按照规定设置围墙,配备防污染设施的,处以5000元以上1万元以下罚款。
  (三)未配备专人管理,保持场地设施完好、卫生整洁的,处以1000元以上2000元以下罚款。
  (四)未建立完善的消纳登记回执制度,及时登记并发放回执的,处以500元以上1000元以下罚款。
  (五)受纳工业垃圾、生活垃圾和有毒有害垃圾的,处以5000元以上1万元以下罚款。
  违反本条前款规定情节严重的,市市容环卫部门可以收回《建筑垃圾消纳处置证》。

  第二十八条 单位和个人违反本办法规定有下列情形之一的,由市城管执法部门按照下列规定进行处罚:

  (一)个人从事运输建筑垃圾的,责令改正,每车处以500元以上2000元以下罚款。
  (二)涂改、倒卖、出租、转借建筑垃圾处置核准文件的,责令改正,处以5000元以上2万元以下罚款。
  (三)未在指定地点堆放装修产生的建筑垃圾,或者未及时委托物业服务企业、街道办事处代为清运建筑垃圾的,责令改正,逾期未改正的,处以100元以上500元以下罚款。

  第二十九条 从事建筑垃圾运输的单位有超过运输车辆核定载质量装载、沿途洒落、随意乱卸建筑垃圾等行为,一年内经过两次行政处罚仍不改正的,除按照规定进行处罚外,三年内不予办理《建筑垃圾准运证》。

  第三十条 侮辱、殴打行政执法人员或者阻挠其执行公务的,由公安机关按照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》有关规定进行处理。

  第三十一条 违反本办法其他规定的,由有关行政管理部门按照相关规定进行处罚。

  第三十二条 市容环卫、城管行政执法、公安交通等行政主管部门及其工作人员应当依法履行职责,不得玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊。

  违反本条前款规定有下列情形之一的,由其所在单位或者上级机关视情节轻重给予问责或者行政处分;构成犯罪的,移送司法机关追究刑事责任:

  (一)违反规定核准《建筑垃圾排放处置证》、《建筑垃圾准运证》、《建筑垃圾消纳处置证》的;
  (二)未依法对未经核准擅自排放、运输、消纳建筑垃圾的违法行为进行查处的;
  (三)未按照规定转送相关信息的;
  (四)未按照规定对施工单位违法装载建筑垃圾行为进行查处的;
  (五)其他未依法履行监管职责的情形。

  第三十三条 本办法自2010年 10月20日起施行。市人民政府2006年8月9日发布的《哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法》同时废止。


Measures of the Municipality of Harbin for
Administration of Urban Construction Garbage

(Promulgated by Decree No.223 of the People’s Government of the Municipality
of Harbin on September 14, 2010, and effective as of October 20, 2010 )

Article 1 These Measures are formulated in accordance with the Regulations on Administration of Urban City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation formulated by the State Council, the Regulations of Heilongjiang Province on Administration of Urban City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation and the Regulations of the Municipality of Harbin on Administration of City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation and other relevant regulations, by taking into account the particular circumstances of this Municipality, for the purposes of strengthening the administration of urban construction garbage and ensuring cleanness and tidiness of urban city appearance and environmental sanitation.
Article 2 These Measures shall be applicable to the disposal activities such as discharge, transport, backfill, storage for disposal, and utilization of construction garbage within the planned urban areas of this Municipality.
Article 3 The term “construction garbage” in these Measures refers to the discarded soil, materials, and other waste, which are produced in the process of constructing, reconstructing, extending, or demolishing various buildings, structures, or pipe networks, as well as in the process of housing upgrade.
The term “storage for disposal of construction garbage” in these Measures refers to the process of reception and acceptance of construction garbage according to the relevant requirements of environmental sanitation and environmental protection.
Article 4 The administration of construction garbage shall adhere to the principles of reducing the amount, turning into resources, and having the garbage innocuously treated and of whoever produces the garbage shall bear the responsibility of disposal.
All the units and individuals are encouraged to give priority to the use of comprehensive utilization products of construction garbage.
Article 5 The competent administrative department for urban city appearance and environmental sanitation of this Municipality (hereinafter referred to as the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation) shall be responsible for the administration of urban construction garbage of this Municipality, and for organizing the implementation of these Measures.
The competent administrative department for urban city appearance and environmental sanitation of a district (hereinafter referred to as the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation) shall, according to its division of duties, be responsible for the administration of construction garbage within its jurisdiction area.
The administrative department of law enforcement which exercises the power of administrative penalty for urban management in a centralized way(hereinafter referred to as the urban management law enforcement department)shall be responsible for the imposition of administrative penalty provided in these Measures.
The competent administrative departments for urban and rural construction, urban and rural planning, land and resources, environmental protection, housing guarantee and management, finance, pricing, communications and transportation, public security, quality inspection and technical supervision and so on, as well as sub-district offices shall, according to their respective functions and duties, bring success to the relevant administration work of construction garbage.
Article 6 The approval system shall be implemented in discharge, transport and storage for disposal of construction garbage according to the relevant regulations of the State and this Province. No construction garbage may be discharged, transported or consumed without approval.
The project owner or the demolition and relocation unit producing construction garbage may not be allowed to discharge such garbage until it, prior to the commencement of the project, has made an application to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation for discharging construction garbage and obtained the Construction Garbage Discharge License upon approval by holding the construction garbage disposal plan and the Construction Project Permit or the Basic Promises on Construction Project.
The unit transporting construction garbage may not be allowed to transport the garbage until it has made an application to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation for transporting construction garbage and has obtained the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage upon approval by holding the Vehicle License, Road Transport License and the Sealing Certificate for Transport Vehicle. One Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage shall be given to one vehicle only. No individual may be approved to get the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage.
The unit storing for disposal of construction garbage may not be allowed to store for disposal of such garbage until it has made an application to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and obtained the Storage for Disposal of Construction Garbage License upon approval by holding the approval documents of the competent administrative departments for land and resources, urban and rural planning and environmental protection.
The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation shall, within three working days after receiving the application, complete examination and issue the approval document of construction garbage disposal; in case no approval document is issued, the reason shall be notified.
Article 7 No unit or individual may forge, alter, buy in and sell, lease or borrow the approval certificates for disposal of construction garbage .
Article 8 The competent administrative departments for urban and rural construction and for demolition and relocation shall, at the same time of issuing the approval document of construction or demolition and relocation, transfer the information about discharge of construction garbage in a construction project or demolition and relocation project to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department.
For the construction project in which the promise system is exercised, the information about the discharge of construction garbage by the promising unit shall be transferred to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department.
The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation shall feed back the information about the construction garbage approved to be discharged to the competent administrative departments for urban and rural construction and for demolition and relocation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department.
Article 9 The project owner or the demolition and relocation unit producing construction garbage shall supervise the construction unit to organize clear and transport away the construction garbage as provided in these Measures.
Article 10 The construction unit shall deliver the construction garbage for transport to the unit approved to engage in transport of construction garbage and enter into a transport contract with the latter. The transport contract shall be submitted for record to the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department of the place where the project is located.
The unit transporting construction garbage may not subcontract the transport of construction garbage.
Article 11 The construction unit shall clear and transport away construction garbage without delay so as to keep the building site and surrounding environment tidy and clean.
Article 12 The construction unit shall load construction garbage according to the approved loading weight of the vehicles transporting such garbage, and shall not load them over the approved height and weight.
The transport vehicle which loads construction garbage over the approved height and weight, or which is not tightly sealed may not run away from the building site.
Article 13 The construction unit shall stiffen the surfaces of entrances and exits of the construction site and equip with appropriate washing facilities.
Before the transport vehicle leaves from the construction site, the construction unit shall clean up the outer sides of carriage and tires of the vehicle.
Article 14 The charge system shall be exercised for discharge of construction garbage according to the relevant regulations of the State, and the specific charge standard shall be ratified by the municipal competent administrative department for pricing.
The unit which produces construction garbage shall pay disposal fee according to the provisions.
Article 15 The disposal of construction garbage by a construction unit shall be subject to the comprehensive credit evaluation management. In case of building construction, it shall be incorporated for management into the evaluation system of comprehensive credit of construction enterprises; in case of demolition operation, it shall be incorporated for management into the evaluation system of housing demolition credit.
The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall provide the municipal agency for evaluation of comprehensive credit of construction enterprises or the municipal competent administrative department for housing demolition and relocation with the information about disposal of construction garbage by construction units, and record such information in the enterprise credit archive according to the prescribed procedure.
Article 16 Vehicles for transport of construction garbage shall be installed with seal devices in accordance with the Technical Specifications of Harbin Municipality for Hermetic Cargo Body Cover of Dump Trucks, and may not be put into use until they have passed the inspection conducted by the qualified product inspection institution.
The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation shall make the vehicles approved public in such media as the information website of the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation or the newspapers for convenient use by and supervision of the public.
Article 17 The unit transporting construction garbage shall, before the transport, obtain the Transport Card from the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation by holding the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage, and the said Card shall be taken on the vehicle for check.
The Transport Card shall be issued by the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation in association with the municipal department for public security and traffic administration.
The construction site, transport route, discharging time and storage field for disposal shall be specified in the Transport Card.
Article 18 The unit engaged in transport of construction garbage shall abide by the following provisions:
(1) To carry construction garbage discharged upon approval;
(2) To transport construction garbage in accordance with the approved loading weight of the transport vehicle, with vehicle being closely sealed, and not to drop and scatter garbage along the way;
(3) To carry with the vehicle the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage, the Construction Garbage Transport Card and place them in the inner side of the vehicles’ window shield, and consciously accept supervision and inspection;
(4) To drive in light of the transport route and time designated by the public security and traffic department; and
(5) To dump garbage in the designated storage fields for disposal, follow the instructions of the field administrative personnel, and obtain a receipt for future inspection.
Article 19 The establishment of a storage field for disposal of construction garbage shall conform to the planning and the relevant regulations on city appearance and environmental sanitation, environmental protection, land and resources, and the examination and approval procedures shall be gone through in accordance with the regulations.
The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation shall make the approved consumption fields public in such media as the information website of the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation or the newspapers.
Article 20 The following provisions shall be abided by in the storage for disposal of construction garbage:
(1) A solid enclosure wall not less than 2 meters shall be built to enclose the consumption field, and facilities against pollution shall be equipped in the consumption field;
(2) Special persons shall be appointed for management purpose, and the field and facilities shall be kept in good condition, clean and tidy;
(3) A complete storage for disposal registration and receipt system shall be established, and registration shall be made and the receipt shall be issued without delay; and
(4) No industrial garbage, domestic garbage, and poisonous and noxious garbage may be stored for disposal.
Article 21 Where a unit produces construction garbage in housing upgrade, it shall make a declaration to the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation, temporarily pile up the construction garbage at the place designated by the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and cover them tightly, and employ approved transport vehicles to clear and transport e them away without delay.
Where an individual produces construction garbage in housing upgrade, the individual concerned shall make a declaration to the realty service enterprise in advance if realty management system is exercised; if the realty management system is not exercised, the individual concerned shall make a declaration to the sub-district office, temporarily pile up the construction garbage at the place designated by the realty service enterprise or the sub-district office and cover them tightly, and employ approved transport vehicles to clear and transport them away without delay by himself or by consigning the realty service enterprise or the sub-district office .
Any place for temporarily piling up construction garbage, which is designated by the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation, the sub-district office, or the realty service enterprise, shall not adversely affect urban traffic.
Article 22 The usable black soil and yellow soil produced in construction shall be discharged and transported separately, and be delivered to and placed at the site designated by the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation.
The unit which needs to have construction garbage backfilled or to utilize construction garbage shall, by holding the consent certification of the unit producing such construction garbage, the quantity of construction garbage needed, the information about the employed vehicles and other materials, make a declaration to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation, and may not have the garbage backfilled or utilized until the declaration has been approved by the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation. The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation shall transfer the information of approval information to the municipal urban management law enforcement department.
A reception and registration system shall be set up for backfilling and using construction garbage, and special persons shall be assigned to register the reception of construction garbage. Upon completion of reception, the record of reception registration shall be submitted to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department for record.
Article 23 The competent administrative departments for city appearance and environmental sanitation, urban management law enforcement , and public security and traffic administration shall, according to their respective duties, set up the system of responsibility for administration of construction garbage, fulfill the supervision responsibility, and exercise supervision and inspection of the discharge, transport and storage for disposal of construction garbage.
The unit being inspected and the person concerned shall offer cooperation, accept inspection and provide the relevant documents and certificates.
Article 24 If the project owner or demolition unit producing construction garbage, in violation of the provisions of these Measures, fails to obtain the Construction Garbage Discharge License and discharges construction garbage without authorizations, the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, give it a warning, and impose a fine of not less than 5,000 Yuan but not more than 30,000 Yuan.
Article 25 If the construction unit, in violation of the provisions of these Measures, commits any of the following acts, the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall impose penalties according to the following provisions:
(1) If it fails to clear and transport away construction garbage, which results in environmental pollution, the said department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, give it a warning, and impose a fine of not less than 1,000 Yuan but not more than 5,000 Yuan.
(2) If it delivers construction garbage for transport to the unit or individual not being approved to engage in transport of construction garbage, the said department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, give it a warning, and impose a fine of not less than 10,000 Yuan but not more than 100,000 Yuan.
(3) If it fails to stiffen the surfaces of the entrances and exits of the construction site, the said department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, and if no correction is made upon expiry of the time limit, impose a fine of not less than 1,000 Yuan but not more than 5,000 Yuan.
(4) If, before the transport vehicle leaves from the construction site, it fails to clean up the outer sides of carriage and tires of the vehicle, the said department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, and impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 1,000 Yuan for each vehicle. If it refuses to accept the penalty and the circumstance is serious, the vehicle in question may be detained.
(5) If it fails to enter into a transportation contract with the unit approved to engage in transport of construction garbage, or fails to submit the transportation contract for record to the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department, the said department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, and impose a fine of not less than 1,000 Yuan but not more than 3,000 Yuan.
(6) If it fails to load construction garbage according to the approved loading weight of the transport vehicle, or loads the garbage over the approved height or weight, or allows the transport vehicle loaded with construction garbage over the approved height or weight or not sealed tightly to leave from the construction site, the said department shall order it to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 5,000 Yuan but not more than 20,000 Yuan; if the circumstance is serious and it refuses to make corrections, the loading machines may be detained according to law.
Article 26 If the unit engaged in transport of construction garbage , in violation of the provisions of these Measures, commits any of the following acts it shall be ordered to make corrections within the specified time limit, and the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall impose penalties according to the following provisions:
(1) If it transports construction garbage without applying to get the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 2,000 Yuan for each vehicle.
(2) If it subcontracts the transport of construction garbage, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 1,000 Yuan but not more than 2,000 Yuan.
(3) If it fails to obtain the Construction Garbage Transport Card from the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and take the said Card with the vehicle for inspection, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 200 Yuan but not more than 500 Yuan for each vehicle.
(4) If it uses the vehicle not being equipped with seal devices to transport construction garbage, or the transport vehicle is not sealed tightly, the said department shall impose a fine of 500 Yuan but not more than 1,000 Yuan for each vehicle; if it refuses to accept the penalty and the circumstance is serious, the vehicle in question may be detained.
(5) If it transports the construction garbage not being approved to discharge, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 200 Yuan but not more than 500 Yuan for each vehicle.
(6) If it drops and scatters construction garbage along the way during the transport, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 1,000 Yuan for each vehicle; if it refuses to accept the penalty and the circumstance is serious, the vehicle in question may be detained.
(7) If it fails to take the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage and the Transport Card with the vehicle, the said department shall impose a fine of 200 Yuan.
(8) If it dumps construction garbage without authorizations, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 2,000 Yuan but not more than 5,000 Yuan for each vehicle, and the transport tool in question may be detained.
(9) If it fails to clean up the transport vehicle’ tires, thus resulting in polluting the roads, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 1,000 Yuan for each vehicle; if it refuses s to accept the penalty and the circumstance is serious, the vehicle in question may be detained.
If it deliberately dumps garbage on the urban road, thus resulting in damaging the road surface, the public security department shall impose the penalty upon it according to the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Administrative Penalties for Public Security.
Article 27 If the unit for storing for disposal of garbage consumption,in violation of the provisions of these Measures, commits any of the following act the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit and impose penalties according to the following provisions:
(1) If it fails to obtain the Storage for Disposal of Construction Garbage License and stores for disposal of construction garbage without authorizations, the said department shall give it a warning, and impose a fine of not less than 10,000 Yuan but not more than 100,000 Yuan.
(2) If it fails to build an enclosure wall to enclose the consumption field according to the provisions, or fails to equip with anti-pollution facilities, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 5,000 Yuan but not more than 10,000 Yuan.
(3) If it fails to appoint special persons for management purpose, or fails to keep the field and facilities in good condition, sanitary and clean, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 1,000 Yuan but not more than 2,000 Yuan.
(4) If it fails to develop a complete registration and receipt system on storage for disposal of construction garbage, or fails to make registration and issue the receipt without delay, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 1,000 Yuan.
(5) If it stores for disposal of industrial garbage, domestic garbage or toxic hazardous garbage, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 5,000 Yuan but not more than 10,000 Yuan.
If the violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph of this Article is serious in, the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation may take back the Storage for Disposal of Construction Garbage License.
Article 28 If any unit or individual, in violation of the provisions of these Measures, commits any of the following acts the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall impose penalties according to the following provisions:
(1) If an individual engages in transport of construction garbage, the said department shall order to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 2,000 Yuan for each vehicle.
(2) If the unit or individual alters, buys in and sells, leases or borrows the approval certificates for disposal of construction garbage, the said department shall order to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 5,000 Yuan but not more than 20,000 Yuan.
(3) If the unit or individual fails to pile up construction garbage produced in housing upgrade at the designated place, or fails to consign the realty service enterprise or the sub-district office to clear and transport away construction garbage instead thereof, the said department shall order to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 100 Yuan but not more than 500 Yuan.
Article 29 Where any unit engaged in transport of construction garbage fails to make corrections even though it has been given administrative sanctions twice within one year because it loads construction garbage in excess of the approved loading weight of a transport vehicle, drops and scatters garbage along the way, or dumps the garbage randomly, it shall, in addition to the penalties imposed in accordance with the provisions, not be allowed to apply for the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage in three years.
Article 30 Those who insult or assault administrative law-enforcing officials, or obstruct them from carrying out duties, shall be penalized by the public security department in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Administrative Penalties for Public Security.
Article 31 Those who violate other provisions of these Measures shall be penalized by the relevant administrative departments in accordance with the regulations concerned.
Article 32 The competent administrative departments for city appearance and environmental sanitation, urban management law enforcement, and pubic security and traffic administration, as well as their staff members, shall perform their functions and duties according to law, and shall not neglect their duties, abuse their powers, or commit illegalities by fraudulent means or for personal gains.
If any one violates the preceding paragraph of this Article and commits any of the following acts, the unit he belongs to or the organ at a higher level shall, according to the seriousness of the case,require the said person to hold accountability or give an administrative sanction; if a crime is constituted, the said person shall be transferred to the judicial organ for investigating for criminal liabilities.
(1) Approving the Construction Garbage Discharge License, the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage or the Storage for Disposal of Construction Garbage License in violation of the provisions;
(2) Failing to investigate and punish according to law any illegal act of discharging, transporting or storing for disposal of construction garbage without approval;
(3) Failing to transfer the relevant information according to the provisions;
(4) Failing to investigate and punish according to the provisions any illegal act of loading construction garbage by the construction unit; and
(5) Other acts of failing to perform supervisory duties according to law.
Article 33 These Measures shall take effect as of October 20, 2010. The Measures of the Municipality of Harbin for Administration of Urban Construction Garbage promulgated by the municipal people’s government on August 9, 2006 shall be repealed simultaneously.

卫生部办公厅关于建立内部审计工作信息报告与通报制度的通知

卫生部办公厅


卫生部办公厅关于建立内部审计工作信息报告与通报制度的通知

卫办规财发〔2012〕22号


各省、自治区、直辖市卫生厅局,新疆生产建设兵团卫生局,部属(管)各单位:

  根据《卫生系统内部审计工作规定》(卫生部部长令第51号)和2011年全国卫生系统内部审计工作交流会的精神,为及时了解各地区、各单位内部审计工作情况,交流工作信息,促进工作开展,进一步推动卫生经济管理科学化、信息化建设,我部决定建立内部审计工作信息报告与通报制度。现将有关事项通知如下:

  一、关于内部审计工作信息报告
  (一)上报工作信息内容。主要上报预算执行与决算、经济责任、财务收支、经济效益、专项资金、经济合同、基建和修缮项目等审计工作开展情况。上报信息内容主要包括审计项目数量、审计资金总额、查出有问题资金额度、提出审计处理意见建议条数、发现重大问题线索情况、移交纪检监察部门处理情况以及落实审计意见建议情况等。
  (二)报送范围与报送时间。各省、自治区、直辖市卫生厅局和新疆生产建设兵团卫生局每半年组织填报1次《××省(区、市)内部审计工作情况报告》、《××省(区、市)专项审计工作情况统计表》和《××省(区、市)基建和修缮项目审计工作情况统计表》(附件1、附件2和附件3)。报送时间为:每年7月5日前上报当年上半年工作情况,1月5日前上报上年度全年工作情况(遇到节假日顺延,下同)。

  各部属(管)单位每季度报送1次《部属(管)单位审计工作情况报告》、《部属(管)单位专项审计工作情况统计表》和《部属(管)单位基建和修缮项目审计工作情况统计表》(附件4、附件5和附件6)。报送时间为:每个季度第1个月的5日前报送。

  2012年第1次上报信息的时间为:省级卫生行政部门7月5日前报送,各部属(管)单位4月5日前报送。

  (三)报送方式。为提高工作效率,推动卫生经济管理信息化建设,内部审计工作信息报告所要求的报表全部由各地区、各单位通过卫生规划财务信息交流平台报送,不再报送纸质报表。各地区、各单位可登录规划财务信息平台网址http://210.72.11.121/communication在线填报。

  (四)确保上报情况质量。各地区、各单位要重视此项工作,安排专人负责报表填报,从做好内部审计工作日常统计入手,加强报表编报质量管理,确保数据的真实性、准确性。我部将对内部审计工作信息上报质量监督检查,对未能按时报送资料的单位以及报送质量未达到要求的单位予以通报。

  二、关于内部审计工作信息通报
  我部将对各地区、各单位的内部审计工作信息进行汇总和分析,并及时在卫生规划财务信息平台上予以通报。同时,摘编重要信息专送各地区、各单位负责人。各地区也可以参照我部做法,将直属单位及本地区内部审计工作情况通过适当形式予以通报。
  各地区、各单位在填报过程中如发现问题,请及时与我部规划财务司联系。

  联系人:刘锐、程敏
  电话:010-68792173、68792019

  附件:1. ××省(区、市)内部审计工作情况报告
     2. ××省(区、市)专项审计工作情况统计表
     3. ××省(区、市)基建和修缮项目审计工作情况统计表
     4. 部属(管)单位审计工作情况报告
     5. 部属(管)单位专项审计工作情况统计表
     6. 部属(管)单位基建和修缮项目审计工作情况统计表
   
     下载地址:附件1-6
http://www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohghcws/s3590/201203/54230.htm


二〇一二年二月二十日

    



关于离婚自由的法社会学思考

王亚明 卢希起*


离婚标准问题,是困扰法院工作多年的老问题。对“夫妻感情破裂”标准的讨论也已讨论多年。最高人民法院关于“夫妻感情破裂的标准”问题也先后下发了多个司法解释,不断明确夫妻感情破裂的标准,不断使法院对离婚案件的处理更加人性化,使不幸的家庭尽快分离,使走错围城的人能够“迷途知返”。但是我国《婚姻法》及其相关解释的规定并不够人性化,还有很多制度性障碍阻挡了很多不幸婚姻的解体。


一、 关于离婚认识的历史变迁及立法模式

离婚在中国古代乃至近代一直被认为是不光彩的事情。在古代中国,女同志是没有离婚自由的,“在家从父,出嫁从夫,夫死从子”的千年古训一直束缚着中国妇女的命运,唐朝“七出、三不去”的规定更体现了中国男权社会的特征。一直到近代,婉容与溥仪皇帝的离婚开了上流社会离婚革命的先河。离婚逐步为人们所接受,体现了社会进步和人性的解放。但是大规模离婚的浪潮还是在我国改革开放以后,随着人民生活条件的改善和对婚姻质量的提高,人们更注重婚姻生活的精神内涵,正如恩格斯所说:“如果说只有以爱情为基础的婚姻是道德的,那么也只有继续保持爱情的婚姻才合乎道德。”[1]但是长期以来,在我国结婚并不是真正自由的,在古代结婚因为“父母之命、媒妁之言”,在近现代社会,由于男女经济上的不平等,爱情与婚姻长期存在错位现象,对经济基础的追求超过了爱情本身,也为婚姻的不幸埋下了祸根。正如恩格斯所言:“婚姻的充分自由,只有在消灭了资本主义生产和它所造成的财产关系,从而把今日对选择配偶还有巨大影响的一切派生的经济考虑都消除以后,才能普遍实现。到那时候,除了相互爱慕以外,就再也不会有别的动机了。”[2]
回顾历史我们不难发现,人类的离婚立法经历了三个阶段:一是专权离婚和禁止离婚阶段。在奴隶社会和封建社会实行专权离婚制度,法律把离婚的请求权只赋予丈夫,妻子无此权利。同样欧洲中世纪教会法也主张“婚姻不解除主义”,夫妻关系恶劣不能共同生活的,只能别居,不能离婚。[3]二是限制离婚阶段。近代,资产阶级提出婚姻自由口号,把婚姻视为民事契约,实行离婚自由。但是资本主义制度在建立之初,法律一方面同意离婚,另一方面又对离婚进行种种限制,如规定只有在一方有重婚、虐待、遗弃等情况下无过错一方提出离婚才能允许。在法定理由之外,夫妻双方不享有离婚请求权。三是离婚自由阶段。自上个世纪60年代以来,随着妇女地位的提高和婚姻家庭道德观念的变化,许多国家相继进行离婚制度改革,1970年,美国加利福尼亚州颁行了西方世界第一部自由离婚原则的《离婚法案》,规定“不可调和的矛盾导致婚姻无可挽回的破裂”是裁判离婚的唯一理由。到1989年,美国有49个州和哥伦比亚特区都不同程度的采纳了无过错离婚的理由。
从世界各国的立法例来看,离婚立法主要有三种模式。一是过错原则模式。指夫妻一方得以对方违背婚姻义务的特定过错行为作为提出离婚的法律依据,离婚的请求权只属于无过错的一方。如南斯拉夫塞尔维亚共和国的婚姻法,目前采用这种立法模式的国家较少。二是无过错原则模式。即夫妻双方均无过错,但因一定的客观事实使婚姻目的无法达到,不愿意共同生活的,一方就可以提出离婚诉讼。客观存在的事实主要包括:精神病、恶疾、性无能、分居等。如法国民法典第237条、联邦德国婚姻法第46条的规定。三是破裂原则,又称自由离婚主义。其根本特点是不问离婚的具体事由如何,只要当事人认为夫妻已难以共同生活,法院确认婚姻关系已破裂到无法挽回的程度,即可判决离婚。

二、对离婚自由的初步分析

自从中国《婚姻法》颁布以来,中国婚姻制度经历了重大变革。我国的结婚制度、离婚制度也同样经历了从计划经济向市场经济的转型。拿结婚制度来说,自从2003年10月1日新的婚姻登记制度实施后,结婚完全成为私事,结婚不再需要出具单位的未婚证明,同时国家也不再强制进行婚前身体情况检查,结婚实现了由国家审批向国家确认的转轨,实行注册婚姻制度,真正实现了结婚是不需要理由的理想。婚姻是感情的产物,是人类区别于动物的一个重要方面,恋爱是感性的,结婚时除了两情相悦之外,已无须别的理由,父母或他人的意见已无法阻挡历史前进的车轮,梁山伯与祝英台式的悲剧在现代社会越来越难以发生。婚姻自由是人类自由幸福的基础,也是推动社会和谐进步的齿轮。从前面提供的材料看,绝大多数国家都实现了离婚自由,即根据婚姻关系破裂原则来处理离婚问题,给当事人在婚姻人身关系上以最大的自主权,各国对离婚的干预主要在于对婚姻财产关系上以最大的自主权,各国对离婚的干预主要在于对婚姻财产关系和子女抚育关系的处理,以避免离婚对家庭和社会带来的巨大动荡。我国对离婚自由的限制也是出于对离婚后果的顾虑和社会稳定的因素。但是从人类学和社会学的角度看,结婚不需要理由也注定了离婚是随时的事情。在民政部门进行协议离婚的,也不需要出具充分的理由,感情不和或性格不和成为离婚的人最一般的陈述,民政部门也不会对此进行审查,更不会做调解工作,体现了离婚自由原则。而在法院,根据我国现行《婚姻法》的规定,离婚并不是件容易的事情。如该法第32条规定:“人民法院审理离婚案件,应当进行调解;如感情确已破裂,调解无效,应准予离婚。”接着第32条又规定了准予离婚的5个条件,具备其中一条法院就可直接判决离婚。但是在司法实践中法官仍存在裁量权过大的问题,如如何认定感情破裂。感情破裂只有当事人自己清楚,正如庄子所言‘尔非鱼,焉知鱼之乐’!长期以来法官的主观判断决定了当事人之间感情的破裂程度,离婚成为法律授予法官许可的权利,这使很多尘缘已尽的夫妻不得不多次踏入法院的大门,以证明感情破裂的真实性和严重性。虽然有多名学者提出以婚姻关系破裂代替感情破裂标准,[4]但为了便于群众理解,新《婚姻法》在修改后仍然采用了感情破裂标准,只不过加入了一些客观判断的内容。
对离婚案件不需要理由的另一个判断来自于法院的实践,当离婚的一方当事人询问法官为何判决不准离婚时,法官往往语焉不详,难以给出有说服力的答案,在离婚案件一审判决后,当事人上诉的案件中,纵览改判的案件,笔者还没有看到一审判决准予离婚,二审判决不准离婚的,而往往是一审判决不准离婚而二审改判准予离婚的,或者对财产侵害及子女抚养进行改判。另外最高院关于离婚案件再审的司法解释中也明确规定,对离婚案件再审的,不对婚姻关系再审,只对其他方面(如财产分割、子女抚养)再审,这也证明了笔者的判断,在一方或双方当事人要求离婚的情况下,法院判决离婚不存在错误问题,离婚是不能用硬性标准来衡量的,因为我今天爱你和你结婚,明天可以不爱你和你离婚,因为人也是动物,有他感性的一面,对夫妻财产侵害和子女抚养问题,因属于法律技术问题和社会伦理问题,需要加以理性判断,法律也能够判断,而感情问题,法律不能越俎代疱,除非要求离婚的当事人一方为无行为能力人或限制行为能力人,即当事人没有能力表达自己的意识和情感。但是即使在这种情况下,法律所能提供帮助的是为他选择合适的代理人,而不是限制另一方离婚的诉求。

三、法官判决不准离婚的原因分析

对当事人双方到法院要求离婚的,法官不会拒绝当事人的离婚请求,判决离婚也在情理之列。但当一方当事人在法院要求离婚,另一方当事人坚决不同意离婚时,法官往往在第一次起诉离婚时判决不准离婚。因为如果感情破裂,为何另一方当事人还爱的死去活来,甚至以各种手段威胁法官,如果判决离婚将如何报复法院和法官。法官是因为害怕当事人报复吗?实践证明不是。因为没有离不掉的婚,法官也不能不办离婚案件(因为总有法官审理离婚案件),所以对一方坚决要求离婚的,迟早要判离,威胁起不到多大作用。法官判决不准离婚往往基于如下的考虑:一是法律明文规定在某些条件下不能起诉离婚或不能离婚,如《婚姻法》规定女方在怀孕期间、分娩后一年内或中止妊娠后六个月内,男方不得提出离婚;现役军人的配偶要求离婚,须得军人同意(但军人一方有重大过错的除外);一方起诉离婚法院判决不准离婚,在半年内无新的理由不得起诉离婚。在上述情况下,法院是不会受理或判决离婚的。二是传统法官工作习惯传承的结果。“劝和不劝分”、“和为贵”是中国人的传统美德和思维模式,鼓励当事人离婚的法官很少,而调解或劝说当事人不离婚的占多数,年长的法官往往会将他们审理离婚案件的经验传授给年轻的法官,而审理离婚案件社会效果的好坏在于经验而不在于知识。正如美国大法官霍姆斯所言“法律的生命不在于逻辑,而在于经验”。审理离婚案件的法官尤其需要丰富的社会经验来处理感情问题。在首次到法院离婚有一方坚决不同意离婚的情况下,法院往往会判决不准离婚(当然要不存在《婚姻法》第32条规定的5种情形),一方面由于《婚姻法》授予法官此项权利,另外感情问题需要冷静处理,夫妻矛盾可能是暂的非根本性的,出于对离婚的慎重,法官养成了首次离婚不判离的传统,给夫妻双方留出缓和的空间。另一方面因为首次不判离,可能社会效果较好,矛盾不至于激化,而且案件不会办错,法官不至于受错案追究的困扰。三是由于法官的业务水平问题。(笔者作为法官,在美国访问期间曾被美国一同行“感佩”:中国的法官水平高,没结过婚的年轻法官可以办离婚案子!)离婚案件中,决定离不离婚并不困难,难点在于财产侵害和子女抚养,尤其是财产分割。决定离婚的夫妻,家庭财产并不十分透明,法院有时非常难以查清财产的多少,给分割财产造成困难,尤其是在经济发达地区财产形式多样化,股权、债权、物权与婚姻关系的交融加剧了离婚案件处理的难度。为了迫使当事人调解或回避处理该类案件的矛盾,业务水平不高的法官倾向于判决不准离婚,从而回避了财产分割问题,降低了离婚案件处理的难度。通过上述分析,我们不难发现法官判决不准离婚与夫妻感情破裂问题基本无关。

四、限制离婚自由的因素之法理分析
对离婚自由的限制除了受中国传统思想“从一而终”影响外,还有其他重要的因素,如对不忠诚于婚姻一方进行道德惩罚和出于社会效果考虑。笔者认为,限制离婚自由既不能实现道德上的惩罚,也达不到良好的社会效果,更不符合诉讼经济原则。
1、限制离婚与处罚道德犯罪问题。随着我国改革开放的进行和市场经济的发展,在物质生活水平提高的同时,人们对精神生活的要求与日俱增。同时传媒的发达和网络的兴起也拓宽了人们的生活视野,异性之间交往的机会越来越多,也带来了婚姻的危机和离婚高潮的涌现。在法院处理的离婚案件中,第三者插足现象较为普遍,女性往往成为受害者。随着私家侦探等调查机构的出现(虽然公安机关依然认定其为非法的),夫妻一方获取对方不忠诚信息的机会较多,成本也不断降低,使得法院在处理离婚案件时会面临幕后“第三者”的尴尬。虽然法律规定在夫妻一方离婚有过错时,法院可以在财产侵害时向无过错方倾斜,但实际上法院将给企图离婚后急于同第三者结婚的一方给以精神上的制裁,满足离婚另一方的要求即不离婚,法官成为处罚思想犯的执行者。道德水平问题属于社会舆论调整的范围,离婚的频率虽然可能反映了一个人的道德水准,但我们不能用法律来代替道德,否则将会泛道德化,进而限制公民的自由。因为法律的要求只是最基本的道德,最低限度的道德。对于离婚自由我们不能限制,但对于在离婚中有过错的一方法律可以体现对其的惩戒,即对其家庭财产在侵害时予以减少,让无过错方获得更多的财产权利和精神安慰。同时在一方对家庭不忠诚时,再维持死亡的婚姻对双方都是不幸的,不管一方是多么爱对方。即使拖延一年半载,想离婚的一方仍然可以到法院离婚,法院也不能再次阻止其离婚请求。与其最后法院还要判决当事人离婚,不如在开始就答应当事人的要求。
2、限制离婚并不能达到好的社会效果。除了个别对离婚有过激反映的当事人以外,大多数当事人都是比较理性的,对离婚暂时接受不了,时间长了人的感情自然会发生变化。离婚对家庭、孩子的影响是客观存在的,但由于离婚时必须对家庭财产及子女抚养作出合理安排,所以也没有必要有后顾之忧。离婚在带来一个家庭不幸的同时,会带来另一个家庭的幸福,夫妻没有感情而勉强维持的婚姻才是真正不幸福的。离婚多了社会效果不好,只是暂时现象,就像潮起潮落一样,符合人类社会的规律。很多时候,离婚的社会效果问题是老人对子女牵挂的托词,是传统的思维在作祟。随着人们物质生活保障水平的提高,离婚对个人的影响越来越小,离婚的社会效果不应成为制约自由离婚的主要因素。
3、限制离婚不符合诉讼经济原则。法院在当事人起诉时判决不准离婚,并不能降低司法成本,相反法院在一定时期后还要受理当事人的再次离婚请求,对同样的事情进行再次审理,但不能再次得出感情很好或未破裂的结论。因为感情未破裂怎能再次到法院要求离婚?而且婚姻法也规定了感情破裂的法定判断标准,符合该标准法院也不能阻拦离婚,因此法院实际上用两次甚至三次的工作量处理的仍是一个离婚问题,当然不符合诉讼经济原则。
五、结语
离婚自由与结婚自由一样,应属于可以自由选择的。只是由于夫妻双方在恋爱结婚时是双方合意、两情相悦的,而在到法院离婚时可能有一方不情愿,“千里马常有,而伯乐不常有”,人们在离婚时或许会担心能否再找到如意的郎君或佳人,对自己的不信任或对另一方的爱恨情仇导致了一方当事人对离婚的畏惧和退缩,或许法院为了给离婚的当事人清醒和思考的机会,牢牢的抓住“不准离婚的缰绳”,但法院频繁的不准离婚也可能早就不符合当事人的心意,法院保守的感情思维或许到了该反思的时候了,每次检查案件,发现大量不准离婚的判决,我都觉得不是那么理直气壮,离婚的破裂主义原则在中国真正实行,才能解放法官的思维,使法官不至于过多的为他人担忧,从而给更多的人离婚自由。
注释:
[1]参见《马克思恩格斯选集》(第四卷)第78-79而。
[2]参见《马克思恩格斯选集》(第四卷)第78页。
[3]陈明侠、薛宁兰:《关于离婚自由与我国裁判离婚标准的几点思考》,载于《妇女研究论坛》,1998年第4期。
[4]参见白洁:《离婚标准新探》,载于《中央政法管理干部学院学报》1997年第3期;潘峰:《婚姻关系破裂应作为裁判离婚的标准》,载于《云南法学》1999年第3期.